Fallopian tubes or oviducts function as conduits for the oocyte and spermatozoa and they provide nutrients for the gametes and early embryo, as well as serving as the side of fertilization. Ciliated cells at the open, fimbriated end or ostium direct the oocyte into the infundibulum and down through the ampulla.

The uterus consists of 2 principal layers, the endometrium, and the myometrium. The endometrium undergoes characteristic changes during each menstrual cycle that reflect the changes in ovarian production of estradiol and progesterone. The epithelium of the cervix consists of tall, secretory columnar cells that respond to estradiol by increasing in height and accumulating columns of cervical mucus rich in glycogen, glycoprotein and glycosaminoglycans.

The vaginal epithelium undergoes characteristic changes during the menstrual cycle.